Journal of Poetry Studies (boostan Adab)

Investigation and Analysis of Adjective Function in Humorous and Auto-biography Sonnets of Hafiz based on Halliday's Evaluation theory

Mojgan Pahlavani; Manoochehr Tashakori; Nasrolah Emami

Volume 13, Issue 3 , November 2021, , Pages 79-104

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2020.36408.3681

Abstract

Introduction One of the ways to know the depth and richness of Hafiz's sonnets can be the use of new theories; therefore, in the present article, Hafiz's collection of humorous and ... Read More Introduction One of the ways to know the depth and richness of Hafiz's sonnets can be the use of new theories; therefore, in the present article, Hafiz's collection of humorous and auto-biography sonnets has been studied and analyzed using the theory of "Halliday's systematic functional linguistics", which is widely used in the analysis of spoken, written, literary and stylistic texts. In examining and analyzing the stylistics of literary texts, this theory seeks to examine the common values between the audience and the producer of the text (spoken or written), analyze the linguistic interactions between the speaker's abstract presence and the audience, and how to affirm or reject, passion and excitement, evaluate the praise and criticism, and also the style and method used to influence the audience, and evaluate the communication norms in the text. “Halliday's Theory of Systematic Linguistics is functional, because it is based on meaning, and is grammatical because it gives a semantic interpretation of linguistic forms, and is ultimately systematic because it is an intertwined network of semantic and grammatical choices.”(Majidi, 1390: 186). Linguistics, On the other hand, this linguistic theory is a semantic based through which Holliday seeks to explore specific meanings using general words and meanings through grammar, and to identify language tricks. Methodology, Literature and Goal In this study, (8) humorous sonnets and (16) auto-biography sonnets have been analyzed in three levels of Appreciation, Judgment and Affect based on the theory of evaluation, which is one of the three systems that make up the interpersonal role. The main measurement tool in this study is frequency. After reviewing the mentioned sonnets in the three mentioned levels and collecting the necessary data, the data related to each subject were described and used in their place, and finally, the obtained frequencies in each section were analyzed and interpreted. The humorous and auto-biography sonnets have been selected based on thematic classification in the article "A new look at Hafiz's sonnet style and thematic classification of sonnets". On the other hand, there are various works related to Holliday's theory of linguistics that have been used as literature in this paper; Books such as "Language, Texture, and Text, Aspects of Language in the Socio-Semiotic Perspective" and "Towards Poetry Linguistics", and research articles such as, “A Study of Objective Noun Phrase in Persian from the Perspective of Halliday's Functional Grammar”, “Application of Function-oriented Teachings in the Analysis of Literary Texts”, "Stylistics of Hafiz's Sonnets based on the verb: Function-oriented Approach", "Analysis of Coherence and Cohesion in a Sonnet of Hafiz in Function-oriented Approach" and some more. The purpose of this study is to achieve the degree of conformity of the traits used in Hafiz’s humorous and auto-biography sonnets according to the microsystem of “Attitude” from the theory of evaluation and its relationship with the subject of sonnets. Results and Discussion The humorous and auto-biography sonnets are close in subject matter with reference to social, political, moral and intellectual issues; that's why these two poetic topics have been selected for study and analysis. Since the number of auto-biography ones is currently twice the number of humorous ones, this issue makes the study and analysis of the present study more accurate. According to evaluation theory, the adjectives in these sonnets are studied in terms of attitude microstructure in three areas of appreciation, judgment and affect. In each of these areas, adjectives are sometimes used in a descriptive role and sometimes as a noun-substitute in other grammatical parts of speech. Appreciation is a system by which phenomena and processes are measured and encompasses values that, under a general aesthetic group or a non-aesthetic group, give rise to social valuation; while judgment evaluates human behavior. At this level, the evaluation of human behavior is done with reference to a set of moral norms. Affect is the mental process of reactions and the characteristics of phenomena with respect to emotions. With regard to the above definitions, the three domains of appreciation, judgment and affect, measure and judge the quality or behavioral or physical characteristics of phenomena and human beings, and these cases are consistent with the concept of expressive adjective in Persian grammar; Therefore, in this research, words such as expressive adjectives have been studied and, of course, sometimes expressive adjectives replace nouns. In Hafiz's humorous sonnets, there are a total of 123 adjectives that can be studied in evaluation theory, of which 40 words are in descriptive role and 83 adjective replace nouns in the role of subject, complement, object, predicate, adverb, adverb and quasi-sentence; In addition, out of 40 descriptive words, 26 words are in the field of appreciation and 14 words are in the field of judgment. In the sonnets, of the total of 275 words studied, 89 cases are in the role of adjectives, of which 60 cases are in the category of appreciation and 28 cases are in the category of judgment and 1 case is in the category of affect. On the other hand, 186 words have been used as noun substitutes in verses, of which 90 are in the category of appreciation, 90 are in the category of judgment and 6 are in the category of affect. Conclusion Considering the number of auto-biography sonnets (16), which is twice the number of humorous sonnets (8), the number of words studied in the auto-biography sonnet (275) is about twice as many as the number of these words in humorous sonnets (123); This means that in both cases, the use of expressive adjectives has been the same. In both types of sonnets, the adjectives substituting for the nouns are more commonly used as poetic adjectives, and this increases the magnification, effectiveness and rhetoric of the poem. Considering the frequency of application of adjectives in the fields of appreciation, judgment and affect in both types of humorous and auto-biography sonnets, it is found that Hafiz's emphasis is on the use of adjectives that evaluate outward features. The difference between the two types of sonnets is in the frequency of application of noun substitution adjectives in the field of judgment. In auto-biography sonnets, however, the adjectives substitute for the noun in the field of judgment and appreciation are equal; in humorous sonnets, on the other hand, the field of judgment has been used four times. Using the interpersonal role in Halliday's theory, it can be seen that Hafiz, considering the subject of the sonnet, chose the words and was able to draw the atmosphere of the sonnet and have the greatest impact on the audience. References Aghagolzadeh, F, Kordzafaranloo, K. A., & Razavian, H. (1390). Stylistics of Hafiz's Sonnets based on the verb in Function-oriented Approach. Stylistics of Persian Poetry and Prose (Spring of Literature), Volume 4, Number ،1, ‌ 11 in a row, pp. 243-254. Aghagolzadeh, Ferdows. (1384). Application of Function-oriented Teachings in the Analysis of Literary Texts. Journal of the Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Mashhad, Volume 38, Number 2, pp. 1-21. Islami Nodoshan, Mohammad Ali (1374). The Endless Story of Hafiz. Tehran: Yazdan. Amirkhanlu, M. (1394). Stylistics of Hafiz's sonnet poems based on the verb: Function-oriented Approach. Persian Literature, Volume 5, Number 2, (16th consecutive), pp. 169-186. Anwari, H. & Ahmadi Givi, H. (1396). Persian Grammar 2. Tehran: Fatemi. Iranzadeh, N. & Moradi, K. (1394). A Study of the Poetry of Qaisar Aminpour's Immortal Pain Notes Based on Halliday's Role-Playing Theory. Literary Research. Pournamdarian, T., & Ishani. T. (1389). Analysis of Coherence and Cohesion in a Sonnet of Hafiz in Function-oriented Approach. Persian Language and Literature, Volume18, Number 67, pp. 7-43. Hafiz Shirazi, Sh. M. (1359). Poems Collection. Edited and explained by Parviz Natel Khanlari, Tehran: Kharazmi. Hejazi ‌ Fard, M., Emami, N. & Sorur Yaghubi, A. (1397). A new Look at the Style of Hafiz sonnet and the thematic classification of sonnets. Stylistics of Persian poetry and prose (Spring of Literature), Volume 11, Number 2, 40, pp. 131-151. Halabi, A. A. (1377). Humor and Sense of Humor in Iran. Tehran: Behbahani. Khamse, Sh. (1395). Analysis of the Panjare Poetry Discourse by Forough Farrokhzad from the Perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics. Literary Criticism Studies, Volume 11, Number 44, pp. 9-40. Razmjoo, H. (1372). Literary Types and Their Effects in Persian Language. Mashhad: Astan Quds Razavi. Zarrinkoob, A. (1373). From Rendan Alley. Tehran: Sokhan. Shamisa, S. (1389). Meanings (Second Edition). Tehran: Mitra. Qaisari, I. (1393). One Point of This Meaning. Tehran: Jami. Majidi, S. (1390). Making Information in Persian Language in the Framework of systematic Function and the Grammar of role and reference. Letter of the Academy, Academy of Persian Language and Literature, No. 7, Special Issue, pp. 183-208. Mosaheb, Gh. (1391). Persian Encyclopedia, Tehran: Amirkabir. Moein, M. (1357). Persian Culture. Tehran: Amirkabir. Mohajer, M. & Nabavi, M. (1393). Towards the Linguistics of Poetry. Tehran: Ad. Natalkhanli, P. (1373). Persian Grammar. Tehran: Toos. Vahidian Kamyar, T. (1393). Innovative from an Aesthetic Point of View. Tehran: Samt. Halliday, M., & Hassan. R. (1395). Language, Texture and Text: Aspects of Language in Socio-semiotic Perspective. Translated by Mojtaba Manshizadeh and Tahereh Ishani, Tehran: Elmi. Martin, J. & White. P. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. Hampshire New York: Macmillan.

Analysis of Why and How Legionary Textural Show & Influx in Sixth Century sonnet, With an Emphasis on Beloved feathers

Ghodrat Ghasemipour; Emami Nasrollah; mohammad Reza Salehi mazandarani; Leily Abbasi Montazeri

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2021, , Pages 173-202

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2020.35307.3566

Abstract

With respect to the reflection of the beloved's visage based on legionary feathers in Persian poetry, the fundamental question arises as to how and under the impact of what sorts of ... Read More

Introducing and Correcting a New Verse Attributed to Rudaki Samarqandi in Ajayeb al-Loqaa Lexicon

sajjad dehghan; zahra nasirishiraz; nasrollah emami

Volume 13, Issue 2 , September 2021, , Pages 277-290

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2020.35788.3614

Abstract

Abstract Retrieving and correcting the poems of pioneering poets, especially the master of poets, Rudaki Samarqandi, is one of the cultural requirements for the advancement ... Read More Abstract Retrieving and correcting the poems of pioneering poets, especially the master of poets, Rudaki Samarqandi, is one of the cultural requirements for the advancement of Persian language and literature. Rudaki's poetry has always been considered by poets and writers throughout history and has gained special importance. There is a small amount of the his poetic divan, which according to researchers has been over one hundred thousand verses, and this small amount is also referred to by the large and innumerable contemporary scholars such as Saeed Nafisi, Braginsky, Mirzayev, Ali Ashraf, Sadeghi and a number of Rudaki researchers in Iran and Tajikistan. Considering the great importance of retrieving Rudaki's poems in ancient sources, the authors of this study, by examining one of the poetic cultures belonging to the Ottoman era called Ajayeb al-Loqaa from a person named Adibi, construct a verse attributed to Rudaki, which has been remained hidden from correctors and Rudaki-researchers and should be introduced and examined in this article; then the problem in the second stanza should be solved. Introduction: Ajayeb al-Loqaa is a Persian-to-Persian lexicon that contains about 1700 words along with numerous evidences of the poems of pioneering poets such as Rudaki, Kasaei, Munjik Tirmidhi, Abu-Shakur Balkhi, etc. In correcting and retrieving Rudaki's poems, many lexicons have been used by proofreaders, especially Nafisi. Some of these lexicons are: Loqat-e Fors of Asadi Tusi, Fakhr Ghavas dictionary, Sehah Al-Fors of Nakhjavani, Qadar Khan Encyclopedia, Rashidi Lexicon, Jahangiri Lexicon, Halimi Lexicon, etc. Ajayeb al-Loqaa Lexicon, despite its unique manuscript in the library of the Majlis and its critical correction, has not been considered by the proofreaders in the printed divans, and for this reason, reviewing the present work and introducing new cases to advance work of Rudaki-researchers is very important. In this lexicon, the author has used Rudaki's name 92 times to attribute the evidence of verses, among which some are in other cultures such as Loqat-e Fors and Sehah Al-Fors, etc., and therefore Nafisi includes them in the book of the environment of Rudaki (two editions 1319 and 1341). In the present study, only one verse is considered as new and due to the great importance of introducing new verses from Rudaki, the authors will introduce this verse to the literary community, especially Rudaki-researchers, after examining and resolving the existing problem in the second stanza. Research background In the last century, several articles have been introduced to the literary community in order to introduce the newly found verses of Rudaki in Iran and Tajikistan, but in none of them is a sign of Ajayeb al-Loqaa Lexicon. (For more research and a look at the list of some of these articles, see: Zahransiri Shiraz et al., 1397: 2 and 3). Methodology The method of the data collection in this study is a library research and the research method is descriptive-analytical. To do the research, we collect some old manuscripts of various divans and dictionaries. Then their linguistic features and idiosyncrasies were carefully studied and compared. Conclusion The poetry of pioneering poets, especially the father of Persian poetry, Rudaki Samarqandi, is very important to us Persian speakers in Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, etc., as it forms part of our past identity. Since these works have been destroyed for various reasons, retrieving and introducing newly found verses in the heart of ancient texts and sources is of special importance. In the present study, considering this important point, a verse hidden from the eyes of the correctors and Rudaki-researchers in the Ajayeb al-Loqaa Lexicon was introduced and the problem in the second stanza was solved. In addition, the authors searched for the rejection of the theme of the verse in other existing poetry collections and showed that other verses related to the verse of Rudaki can be seen from other poets such as Asadi Tusi, Nezami and Abu-Shakur Balkhi; In addition, possibilities were raised about the position of the verse in the stories of Sinbadnameh and Kelileh and Demneh after discussing the inaccuracy of the exact themes of the verses with the stories.

The Correction and explanation of a verse from Rudaki Samarkandi's Divan

zahra nasiri shiraz; nasrollah emami; sajjad dehghan

Volume 12, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 295-306

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2019.33075.3335

Abstract

Abstract Rudaki Samarkandi is one of the pioneering and prominent poets of Khorasan literary field (sabk-i Khorāsānī). Because of its simplicity and fluency, poems of Rudaki ... Read More

A Study of Newly Discovered Couplets of Roudaki in an Unknown Dictionary

Volume 10, Issue 2 , October 2018, , Pages 17-44

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2017.25565.2687

Abstract

A Study of Newly Discovered Couplets of Roudaki in an Unknown Dictionary N. Emami* M. Shirmohammadi** S. Dehqan*** ... Read More

Contrastive study of Iranian and Semitic elements and contents in Sa'dis works

Volume 9, Issue 1 , June 2017, , Pages 23-46

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2016.3896

Abstract

In this study Sa'di's concern with elements and themes in Iranian and Semitic cultures are analyzed. This study is significant due to its stylistic nature of Sa'di as an important poet ... Read More

kissing the bell in Khaghani's Tarsaeiyeh

nasrolah emami; bahman rezaei

Volume 8, Issue 1 , June 2016, , Pages 25-40

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2016.3143

Abstract

What is being studied in this survey is the following line from Khāghānī's Ode of "Tarsā'īyah": "Due to this oppression, I go kiss the bell, and tie Zunnār (the Christian belt)." ... Read More

Studying and Analyzing the Maneli Poem by Nima Yooshij Based on Joseph Campbell’s the Hero’s Journey Pattern

Volume 7, Issue 4 , April 2016, , Pages 1-20

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2016.2966

Abstract

Regarding the structural similarities of myths and ancient narratives, Joseph Campbell has depicted a single pattern for all stories. In the conclusion of his ideas, he benefited from ... Read More

The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi on ambiguity of location

Volume 7, Issue 3 , December 2015, , Pages 38-56

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2015.2584

Abstract

Great epics have a special thematic and linguistic structure indicative of their common features. Since time and place in epics and their numerous narratives vary greatly across different ... Read More

Metamorphosis of Blood to the Snake in Garshasbnama

Volume 5, Issue 2 , July 2013, , Pages 1-15

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2013.542

Abstract

Mythological narratives are always mysteriously connoting wonderful symbols which are very telling of the desires and wishes of the ancient men who try to find answers for the mysteries ... Read More

The Relationship between God’s Manifestation, Affection and Recognition (Based on Mirsad al-ibad by Nadjm-I Razi)

Volume 2, Issue 4 , January 2010, , Pages 1-27

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2012.296

Abstract

Emami * M. Golamrezaee** Shahid Chamran University Shahid Beheshti University Mohagheghi*** Shahid Chamran. University Man, ... Read More

Volume 16 (2024)

Volume 15 (2023)

Volume 14 (2022)

Volume 13 (2021)

Volume 12 (2020)

Volume 11 (2019)

Volume 10 (2018)

Volume 9 (2017)

Volume 8 (2016)

Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2014)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2012)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 2 (2010)

Volume 1 (2009)

Author = Nasrollah, Emami

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