fatemesadat taheri; Marziyeh Hemmati
Abstract
“Innovation in Persian Nimaee Poetry Debates” IntroductionThe Constitutional Revolution is the most fundamental socio-cultural change that transformed the traditional ...
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“Innovation in Persian Nimaee Poetry Debates” IntroductionThe Constitutional Revolution is the most fundamental socio-cultural change that transformed the traditional worldview of Iranians; Therefore, the poets of this period created works appropriate to those conditions because they realized that they should compose the poem for the people that satisfy their political and social feelings. These changes can be seen in various fields of contemporary poetry, including debate.Debate is a literary form in which two people exchange views on moral, political, religious, and legal issues, and usually a third party judges between them. Another form of this debate is Dialogue.Debate was influenced by political, social, cultural, and intellectual developments; as far as its types, themes, forms, and techniques is concerned with Bakhtin's theory, the similarity of the political and social conditions after the constitutional revolution in the Iran with the conditions of the Bakhtin period and Stalin's oppression had a great impact; Therefore, the writers study the aspects innovation in the debates of the debates from 1922 to the Islamic Revolution (1979), with a descriptive-analytical method based on traditional and contemporary Persian debates. they have studied and found the poet has explained part of his method of thought and created a different atmosphere in all these conversations. Background and purpose of the researchSome works have been published about debate in Persian poetry; Among them, the following can be mentioned: In the dissertations of Parvin Seyyed Almasi (2010) as "Study of the structure and content of Parvin E'tesami's debates" and Ismail Sharifi (2012) as "Comparison of debate technique in two styles Khorasani and Iraqi"; Mehdi Rahimi (1996) in his treatise entitled "Debate in Persian poetry (from the beginning to Parvin E'tesami)". Narges Mohammadi-Badr and Hashem Mehdizadeh (2016) in the article "Reflections on the evolution of the debate from the Assyrian tree to Nimaee poems"; Ali Akbar Amini (2002) in his article "Dialogue in Contemporary Iranian Poetry"; Mohammad Reza Roozbeh (2013) in the article "Shafi'ei's innovations in the field of debate" and Reza Zarrin-Kemar (2017) in the article "From Debate to Conversation: The Impact of Coup d'etat of 28 August on polyphony in contemporary poetry based on two poems by Akhavan-Sales and the Hushang-e Ebtehaj» ; Vida Sabzevari Beidakhti et al. (2021) in the article "Study of reasoning method in Parvin E'tesami's debates based on Toliman's theory"; But no one of them has dealt with innovative ways of Nimaee debating; However, considering the importance of political and social developments and their direct and indirect impact on the literary works of each period and the place of dialogue and debate in the world and life today, it is necessary to study this issue and discover new ways of debate in contemporary poets. DiscussionContemporary debates, influenced by political and social circumstances, are often written in the form of dialogue. The purpose of the parties to the debate is to weaken and destroy each other; But the purpose of the conversation is to clarify the issue and reach a common ground and accept each other.Start with a question; Existence of rhetorical propositions; Enjoyment of freedom and authority; Intertextual connections with myths and multifaceted actions are components of dialogue that are all seen in contemporary debates. Form of poetry; The role of the poet in poetic narratives; Use of monologue (poet's conversation with himself); Existence of multilateral dialogue; The use of the carnival style and the use of the grotesque are some of the innovations in Nimaee debates that are not found in traditional debates.In traditional debates, the reader pays attention to the text only from the point of view of the poet or narrator; While new debate shows its emotions, it leaves the judgment to the audience; then, in contemporary debates, we are confronted with a kind of hidden narrator who remains silent in order to events to manifest themselves through inner monologue, polyphony, and dialogue. Belonging to the personal world and paying attention to individual feelings draws the poet to the self-talk, and the poet's “you” and “me” is expressed in social pains and the collective "me and you". Traditional debates had lyrical, romantic, and educational content and ignored the social structure of their society; While the contemporary poet, in addition to believing in the connection between the individual and society and their interaction, even pays attention to philosophical concepts.Ancient debates are mostly two-sided; But Contemporary debates are sometimes three- or four-sided. Nimaee debate moves from a state of bilateral conflict to a multi-voiced space with the expansion of the characters present in the poem.Multilateral dialogue can lead to the application of the carnival and grotesque methods of Bakhtin in contemporary debates. The concepts and values that govern society are challenged through the use of carnival and tools such as criticism, satire, irony and ridicule.The components of determining grotesque instances are imperfection and metamorphosis; Exaggeration; It is also called the "grotesque body ", a mixture of conflicting emotions and the human body and related concepts. Contemporary debate uses symbolic character and language, and aesthetic techniques. The atmosphere of ancient debates is based on confrontation and its argument is based on controversy; but Nimaee debates are based on interaction and dialogue. ConclusionNimaee debates have been written in a new form and structure and express the social and political themes and problems of modern man. Most conversations begin with rhetorical questions and statements that require an audience. The audience is not always a specific person; Rather, it can be the poet's personal or social self. In new debates, dialogue is based on freedom and authority, and neither side is superior to the other; Hence they interact with each other.The poet is usually active in the field of poetry and is not the only narrator. In most cases, debates are formed with the presence of different characters in a narrative atmosphere and create a multi-voiced world. Belonging to the personal world and paying attention to individual feelings sometimes leads the poet to debate in the self-talk.Using the symbolic element, the poet creates symbolic characters and leads the reader to the realm of the multiplicity of poetic meanings and concepts. By creating a carnival atmosphere, he criticizes the political and social situation. The disruption of the values that govern society creates multi-voiced societies with diverse discourses. Keywords: Bakhtin’s Dialogue, Carnival, Grotesque, New Debates, Symbolic Characters. References A'ghdaei, T. (2002). Innovative in Persian poetry. Zanjan: Nikan Ketab. 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