Journal of Poetry Studies (boostan Adab)

The Typology and the Structure of Qalandari Sonnet Sequences

Muhammad Kazem Baridi Al-Lami,; Mohamadreza Sarfi; Aliasghar Yari Istahbanati

Volume 16, Issue 3 , December 2024, , Pages 59-78

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2024.48560.4458

Abstract

AbstractPoets who composed Qalandari sonnet sequences (or ghazal-stories) have used the form of ghazal in different ways to express their personal experiences. One of the types ... Read More

Investigating and comparison the Phenomenological and ‎Mystical Components in the Versified Story, Ganjineye Asrar ‎by Oman Samani

Sahar Borazjani; Zarin Taj Varedi; Gholam Reza Kafi

Volume 16, Issue 1 , June 2024, , Pages 1-28

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2024.48247.4443

Abstract

There are components in Husserl's philosophical school of phenomenology that are similar to those of mysticism. As long as the components are looked at in the position of theory, judging ... Read More

The Connection Between Mysticism and Social Themes in the Poetry of Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati and Mohammad Reza Shafi'i Kadkani

Amir Moqaddam Mottaqi; صفورا نظری; masoud bavanpouri

Volume 14, Issue 4 , February 2023, , Pages 165-190

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2022.42101.4149

Abstract

Amir Moqaddam MottaqiAssociate Professor in Arabic Language and Literature,Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Irana.moghaddam@ferdowsi.um.ac.irSafoura NazariMaster of Arabic Language ... Read More Amir Moqaddam MottaqiAssociate Professor in Arabic Language and Literature,Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Irana.moghaddam@ferdowsi.um.ac.irSafoura NazariMaster of Arabic Language and Literature Department of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Irans.nazari@yahoo.comMasoud BavanpouriPhD graduate of the Department of Arabic Language and Literature of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iranmbavanpouri@yahoo.comIntroduction Comparative literature is one of the nascent and effective sciences that examines the literature of all nations as a connected collection - despite the apparent and linguistic differences - and while introducing local literature, it shows its relations and relationships with world literature. "Yves Chevrel" emphasizes this feature and writes in a definition of comparative literature: "Comparative literature means the comparative study and review of works that arise from different cultural contexts" (2016: 25). Mystical and Sufi themes are one of the topics that exist in classical and contemporary Arabic and Persian literature, and many poets have paid special attention to this in their poems, and even some of them, such as Sana'i, Maolavi, and Ibn Arabi, have written a large part of their poetry. dedicated to mysticism and mysticism. Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati and Mohammad Reza Shafiei-Kedkani are among the poets who used mystical and Sufi themes in their poems in order to explain the political and social situation of their time. Examining their poetry shows that interaction with the social environment and familiarity with people's suffering has made both poets committed and affected by the problems of the times (see Al-Bayati, 1993: 35; Abbasi, 2007: 96). Research method, background and purposeAs one of the most prominent Iraqi poets, al-Bayati has always been the focus of Arab and non-Arab writers, therefore, many works have been written about his poems؛ Among them, the book "Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati and al-Sha'ar Al-Iraqi al-Hadith" written by Dr. Ehsan Abbas, the book "Al-Rawiya fi Sha'ar al-Bayati" by Mohi-eddin Sobhi, the book "Abd al-Wahab al-Bayati fi Mirayah al-Sharq" by Zaher Al-Jizani. Many works have been published about the works of Shafii-Kadkani, including: Habibullah Abbasi in "Safranama Baran" and Kamiar Abedi in the book "Dar Roshni Baranaha" have criticized his poems. Nahede Foozi et al. (2013) have tried to prove the hypothesis based on the theory of intertextuality and by examining the evidence that the similarities in the poems of these two writers are not accidental and indicate the influence of contemporary Persian poets from powerful Arab writers Because they paid attention to the similarity of the symbols and the similarity of the poetic titles and only in a general part and a passing reference (one page) they pointed to common mystical foundations. Using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the French school of comparative literature, this research has tried to examine the connection between mystical themes, symbols, as well as mystical and Sufi characters with the situation of the society of Iran and Iraq in the poems of al-Bayati and Kodkani.DiscussAbdul Wahab Al-Bayati and Shafii-Kadkani have many points of commonality in poetic themes, which may be due to Shafii-Kadkani being influenced by the translation of Al-Bayati's poems and his familiarity with the Iraqi poet. A Sufi who has a wide reflection in the poetry of al-Bayati and Kodkani is Hasan bin Mansour Hallaj; Both poets give the title of their poem as Hallaj and in these poems, they examine Hallaj's life as a rebel mystic against oppression.In the existence of al-Bayati, there is a state of deep feeling of alienation, existential and internal alienation, which indicates the feeling of spiritual alienation in this world, but in all existence. In his poem, Kodkani admits his loneliness and alienation from his environment or time and uses the night to reflect the suffocation of his time. However, although the poet feels alienated and alienated, this loneliness does not lead him to despair, but he also expects the morning and victory. On the other hand, this sense of alienation did not cause isolation, pessimism and seclusion of these two poets.Al-Bayati and Kodkani in their works express their mystical and Sufi tendencies with plenty of specific Sufi terms such as Attihad, Annihilation and Survival, Wajd, Khurshid, Aho, Ishrak, Lahut, Nai, Masti, Sahba, Sabuh, Saghar, Shur and Makhan and ... have brought up words that they have expanded and developed with amazing ability in the form of parables and poetic expressions.Both poets have seen survival in perishing and cutting themselves off; Al-Bayati turns into light by going beyond the desires of his soul, and Kodkani is a distant wave from the sea that reaches its origin (God) by passing through itself.Al-Bayati introduces his beloved as Ishtar, who is a symbol of the revolution and is waiting for her manifestation so that her wishes will be fulfilled and the country will be filled with prosperity. But Kodkani talks about the manifestation of the true beloved who is God and does not consider any human to be able to see this. Manifestation in al-Bayati's poetry has a political and social concept, and in Kodkani's poetry, it has a mystical concept.When al-Bayati talks about submission and satisfaction in his poems, it is due to his disillusionment with the chaotic social situation in Iraq, which he calls its correction, and he despairingly submits to the relief and openness that awaits him, a submission that smells of It has algebra. Even though Kadkeni is disappointed, he also talks about the peace that comes from surrendering to God's will.ResultThe analysis of Al-Bayati and Kodkani's poems shows that both poets have given new dimensions to Hallaj's character and aligned it with contemporary experience. This mystical character in the poem is both a symbol of rebellion and rebellion against tyranny and tyranny, as well as a symbol of martyrdom and free thinking. Both poets cried out against the oppression of their country and condemned the oppressive rulers of the time, but al-Bayati openly and recklessly and codified in the form of using symbols. In Al-Bayati's words, love is linked with the concept of homeland, which the usurpers have filled with cruelty, but Kodkani's love has flowed between the devotee and the deity. Surrender and annihilation in Al-Bayati's poems is due to his disillusionment with the chaotic situation of society, which he has no hope of correcting, but from Kodkani's point of view, surrender is due to his surrender to God's will. In general, it can be said that although both poets used mystical themes in order to explain the political and social situation of their time, this is more evident in al-Bayati's poetry.Key words: Abdul Wahab Al-Bayati, Mohammad Reza Shafiei-Kadkani, mysticism, social themes. SourcesAbavisani, Hossein and Omid Pourhasan (2015), "The Stylistics of the Image of Hallaj in the Poetry of Adonis and Shafi'i Kadkani (Case Study: Two Elegies of Hallaj and Hallaj)", Comparative Literature Research, Year 6, No 24, pp 1-21.Abbasi, Habibullah (2008), Safranama Baran (Criticism and analysis of Dr. Shafiei Kodkani's poems), Tehran: Sokhan.Al-Bayati, Abd al-Wahhab (1993), Kounto Ashko Ela Al-Hajar, Beirut: Al-Arabaya for Studies and Publications.Al-Bayati, Abd al-Wahhab (1995), Al- Aamal Al-Shereya, Beirut: Dar al-Fars.Bashardost, Mojtabi (2000), Dar Jostojuy-e Neishabur (the poetry and life of Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kodkani), Tehran: Sales.Campbell, Robert. B (1996), Flags of Contemporary Arabic Literature, Beirut: The United Distribution Company.Chevrel, Yves (2016), Comparative Literature, translated by Tahmourth Sajedi, Tehran: Amirkabir.Foozi Nahede, Amjad Maryam, Roshanfekr Kobra (2014), "Analyzing the Poetry of Mohammadreza Shafiei Kadkani and Abdul Wahhab AL-Bayyati on the Comparative Literature Respect". CLRJ. Vol 2. No 1. Pp 79-97.Goyard, Marius Francois (1995), Applied literature, translated by Ali Akbar Khan Mohammadi, Tehran: Pazhang.Halabi, Ahmad Toemeh (2004), "The Sufi Intertextuality in the Poetry of Al-Bayati", Al-Mavghefe-l Adabi, Vol 33, No 393, pp. 11-18.Hosseini, Seyyed Sekander (2017), "Effects of Mysticism in the Poems of Hoshang Ebtahaj", Islamic Culture Magazine, vol 50, pp 83.Jassim, Aziz al-Sayed (1991), Al-Eltezam val Tasavof fi sheer-e Abdul Wahab al-Bayati, Baghdad: Dar al-Shouon al-Thaqafiyyah Al- Ameh.Karimi, Gholamali (1980), “Lights on the Poetry of Abdel-Wahhab Al-Bayati,” Al-Jadeed Magazine, No 20, pp. 38-41.Langroudi, Shams (1998), Analytical History of New Poetry, Tehran: Center.Moghaddam Company, Siddiqa (2008), "Comparative Literature Schools", Comparative Literature Studies, Volume 3, Vol. 12, pp. 51-71.Nazari-Mozhan, Hadi (2010), "Comparative Literature: Definition and Fields of Research", Journal of Comparative Literature, Volume 2, Number 2, pp. 221-237.Qaisumah, Mansour (1997), Fifty Love Poems by Al-Bayati, Lamak: Dar Sahar Publishing.Rawdan, Abdel Aoun (2005), The Arab Poets in the Twentieth Century, Amman: Al-Ahliyyah.Roshanfekr Kobra, Esmaili Sajad (2014). "Comparative Study of Nostalgia in Abd-Al Wahhab Baiaty and Shafie Kadkani Poetry". CLRJ. Vol 2. No 2 pp. 27-55.Sabbaghi, Ali and Sakineh Ranjbaran (2014), "Effects of intertextual relationships in the poems of Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kodkani and Abdul Wahab Al Bayati", Comparative Literature, Vol 7, No 12, pp. 227-248.Seidi, Seyyed Hossein (2004), The Function of Tradition in Contemporary Arab Poetry, Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad.Shafiei-Kadkani, Mohammad Reza (1980), Contemporary Arab Poetry, Tehran: Tos.Shafiei-Kadkani, Mohammad Reza (2001), Contemporary Arab Poetry, Tehran: Sokahn.Shafiei-Kadkani, Mohammad Reza (2010 c), Zamzame- ha, 15th edition, Tehran: Sokhan. Shafii-Kadkani, Mohammad Reza (2010 b), DarKocheh Baghhay-e Neishabour, 15th edition, Tehran: Sokhan.Shafii-Kadkani, Mohammad Reza (2010 d), Ghazal Baray-e Gol-e Aftabgardan, 15th edition, Tehran: Sokhan.Shafii-Kadkani, Mohammad Reza (2010a), Az Zaban-e Barg, 15th edition, Tehran: Sokhan.Sharif, Fadel Abdul-Amir (2019), "Manifestations of the Inheritance in the Divan of Oriental Texts by Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati", Journal of the College of Education for Girls, University of Baghdad, Vol. 30, No.3, pp. 142-158. Volk, Rene and Austin Warren (1994), Literary Theory, translated by Zia Mohahed and Parviz Mohajer, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.Zarin Koob, Abdul Hossein (1994), The Value of Heritage and Sophia, 7th edition, Tehran: Amir Kabir.

Sanai's cultural creation in Qalandari area by relying on his Odes

Seyed Mohammad Hadi Hosseini; Mohammad Yousef Nayyeri

Volume 13, Issue 3 , November 2021, , Pages 133-156

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2020.36934.3737

Abstract

Extended Abstract: Sanai Ghaznavi, is considered one of the most important cultural creators in Iran. The reason why Sanai is called the epoch-maker is the creation ... Read More Extended Abstract: Sanai Ghaznavi, is considered one of the most important cultural creators in Iran. The reason why Sanai is called the epoch-maker is the creation of backgrounds in Persian poetry that were not so prominent before him and many after him owe it to him. Sana'i's influence has been manifested in the minds and consciences of the spiritual thinkers after him, in various fields, such as his literary-poetic themes and his special mystical way. Attar, Rumi, Najmuddin Dayeh, Roozbehan Baqliashirazi, Shahabuddin Suhrawardi, Jami and many others have been influenced by Sanai. Most of the mystical works of the sixth century, especially the mystical interpretation of Kashf al-Asrar Wa-Uddt al-Abrar, despite its contemporaneity with the poet, have used Sana'i poetry more than any other work in various mystical fields. From this perspective, Sanai's cultural creation in the spiritual realm of Iran is obvious due to his many influences in the minds and consciences of the poets after him. Cultural creation is a rare and elusive category and arises from individual wisdom and a special historical capacity. In this sense, Sanai can rightly be called a cultural creator; Because not only did he add a new atmosphere to Iranian thought and poetry, but he also devised a new design in the ode and established and valued themes such as the critique of the lord of power and the poetry of Qalandar and Moghaneh. Of course, Sanai's approaches in terms of creating a new school and his wide-ranging influence on his later works bring him closer to the field of culture creating. One of the most prominent aspects of Sanai's cultural creation in the realm of poetry is Qalandar and Moghaneh, so that most of the themes of Sanai Qalandar are explained and nurtured in the poems of the poets after him. Contrary to the common view of the form of the ode, which is generally considered to be a vehicle for asceticism, admonition and praise; Sanai has used the ode of the poem to express his Qalandar teachings due to its descriptive atmosphere. After analyzing all the odes of Sanai from the perspective of Qalandar and Kharabat contexts, we have come to the conclusion that the components of Qalandar on which Sanai has based its spiritual-literary worldview in a symbolic field; are: Conflict of sacred paradigms with blasphemous and Kharabati paradigms; Criticism and rejection of traditions and taboos; Shatah and Tamat as Qalandariyat; Defending the devil; The value of disbelief as faith; Relying on Blamefulness; The creation of a lover in the image of Qalandar and improvidence. The culture creation of Sanai in Qalandari was revealed by analyzing the works of contemporary and post-Sanai poets, such as Ein al-Qudat Hamedani, Attar, Maulana, Hafez and Iraqi, and led them to the fact that they are derived from the various components of Qalandar. The background of this research can go back to the days of Sanai and his infamy. Sanai's effectiveness dates back to his own time, and to this day, Sanai scholars have looked at it from a variety of perspectives. From the Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani and Rumi Balkhi to the present day when Professor Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani (1372) in the book Whips of conduct and Dr. Reza Ashrafzadeh (1374) in the book Ab-e-Atash-e-Furuz and Dr. Mohammad Jafar Yahaghi and Dr. Mehdi Zarghani (1397) In the preface to the correction of Hadiqah al-Haqiqah, there are clear references to the extent of Sana'i's literary influence, but the present article has been compiled only in the field of odds, focusing on culture creating and relying on Qalandar concepts. The presentation of mystical symbolism with the presence of the first Qalandari paradigms, including Sana'i creations and cultural creations in the field of Iranian thought. Sanai culture-creation is also evident in world literature; As some scholars believe, Dante was influenced by Sir al-'Abbad Sanai in the Divine Comedy. Like Masnavi and Ghazal, Sanai's odds have been influential in the field and time after him, both due to their critical approach and critique of the lord of power, and due to its special mystical discourse, and many poets have welcomed him. One of the most important subjects that has a special prominence in Sanai's odds and in a way, has a prominent role in his culture creation; Qalandari look, with all its dimensions. Although Qalandar's approach to Sufism existed before Sanai, a comprehensive poetic view of it and the symbolic establishment of this field of Iranian mysticism occurs for the first time in Sanai's poems; To the extent that many scholars believe that the transformation of Qalandaran's image into transcendent examples and the creation of the first Qalandari backgrounds in mystical poetry has been studied from the perspective of Sanai's pioneering and cultural creation. By examining Sanai's odds, it can be seen that Sanai is the initiator of a style with characteristics such as infidelity, sabotage, blame, randy, Qalandari and in general, which are reflected in many poems of poets after him such as Saadi, Attar, Mowlan , Iraqi, Hafez, etc. are repeated and evolved. Pre-Sanai's odds were mostly used to express the themes of praise and admonition, but Sana'i's culture creation in the ode is due to the fact that he breathed new life into it and promoted the teachings of Qalandar and Muganeh. Sanai has also used the capacity of the ode to reflect the image of the Qalandariyyah and the creation of the ideal state resulting from this frequent motif, in all its dimensions - from the themes of ruin to the teachings of blasphemy. A careful analysis of Sanai's poems reveals that one of his most important (if not the most important) poetic themes is his thoughts of Mallamati and Qalandari; In this way, the semantic field of other teachings has been constructed around this macro-narrative. The analysis of Sanai's odds has led us to the fact that the components of Qalandar literature in his view are formed in several main axes, which are: the beauty and behavior of the beloved is Qalandar and Negligence; Sacred paradigms are intertwined with blasphemous and destructive paradigms; Mystics and taboos have been criticized and rejected; Shatah and Tamat look like Qalandariyat; Defending the devil is the basis of Sanai's Qalandari thought; The essence and truth of religion and Islam, infidelity, reproach, is the basic element of Sanai and Randy Qalandari thought is an example of Qalashi model and Qalandari.

pantheism and its images in attar's verses

iman zargaran; hoseinali ghobadi; homayun jamshidian

Volume 11, Issue 3 , November 2019, , Pages 19-42

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2018.28545.2939

Abstract

Pantheism is one of the dominant concepts in mystical thought, and it is said that this concept is basically originated from mystical experiences of mystics. Attar Neishabouri as a ... Read More

Recognition of Poetry and Idea of Mashreghi Shirazi

Gholam Hossein Fahandezh Saadi; Zarrin Varedi

Volume 11, Issue 3 , November 2019, , Pages 63-88

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2018.28344.2908

Abstract

Abstract Hakim Hassan Mashreghi Shirazi is one of the Shia mystics and speakers of last 10th and first half of 11th AH century. there are no trace of he in biographies. Mashergi Shirazi's ... Read More

Mystical Poems in Constitution Period (Mashrute)

Volume 5, Issue 3 , July 2013, , Pages 71-98

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2013.955

Abstract

Mystical Poems in Constitution Period (Mashrute) A. Razi* H. Gholizadeh** Guilan University ... Read More

Investigation of the Text Structure in Hojviri’s Kashf Almahjoub

Volume 2, Issue 4 , January 2010, , Pages 147-171

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2012.302

Abstract

Nahvi* N. Dehghani** Shiraz University Hojviri’s kashf Almahjoub is one of the mystic educational works belonging to the first period of Persian prose. ... Read More

Haft Paikar Through the Sound of the Ney

Volume 4, Issue 3 , January 0, , Pages 19-44

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2012.467

Abstract

Dorri* S.M. Kheirandish** Hormozgan University Payame ... Read More

Mystical Inferences in the Story of Joseph (PBUH)

Volume 2, Issue 3 , January 0, , Pages 27-63

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2012.310

Abstract

The formation of the specific language of mysticism, especially in Qur'anic interpretations, is rooted in the Qur'an. Many of the concepts of the Qur'an are expressed in the form of ... Read More

Intuition, Symbol and Sepehri's Poems

Volume 2, Issue 3 , January 0, , Pages 201-221

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2012.313

Abstract

Sohrab Sepehri, the contemporary innovative literary stylist poet, has always employed a symbolic and, at the same time, a peculiar language which is unique by itself. In general, his ... Read More

Intuitive and transcedental Dhekr in Islamic mysticism

Volume 3, Issue 1 , January 0, , Pages 207-228

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2012.295

Abstract

Mahmoudi * Shiraz University, Kazeroon College Dhekr is of great significance in Islam and Islamic mysticism. One reason for its significance in Islam is the large ... Read More

Volume 17 (2025)

Volume 16 (2024)

Volume 15 (2023)

Volume 14 (2022)

Volume 13 (2021)

Volume 12 (2020)

Volume 11 (2019)

Volume 10 (2018)

Volume 9 (2017)

Volume 8 (2016)

Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2014)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2012)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 2 (2010)

Volume 1 (2009)

Keywords = Mysticism

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