Journal of Poetry Studies (boostan Adab)

The Evolution of Soluk in Attar’s Sheikh San’an Story Based on the Concept of "Fusion of the Horizons" in Gadamer's Hermeneutics

Mojgan Eyvazi; Davoud Ramezani parsa; Mohammadhossain Nikdarasl

Volume 17, Issue 1 , April 2025, , Pages 55-70

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2024.47927.4426

Abstract

In mystical literature, Attar Neishaburi has a very privileged position, so that imagining mystical literature without him means ignoring a large and influential volume ... Read More

A Comparative Study of the Manifestations of Love in the Poetry of Sa’di and ‎Abu Nuwas

Ali asghar Nasimbahar; Mahmood Heidari; Yousof Nikrouz

Volume 17, Issue 1 , April 2025, , Pages 71-86

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2024.49447.4502

Abstract

Love and its related concepts are common archetypes of mankind and are as old as human life (Yung, 2002: 368). Arabic literature is a lyrical literature in which love is one of the ... Read More Love and its related concepts are common archetypes of mankind and are as old as human life (Yung, 2002: 368). Arabic literature is a lyrical literature in which love is one of the main themes of its great poets. Abu Nuwas, an Iranian poet of the Abbasid era, who is considered one of the masters of Arabic literature, is one of the leading Arab poets in wine literature and ghazal (sonnet). In Persian literature, Sa’di has been considered as the true master of romantic poetry, and in his own words, "Sa’di's love is not a story that remains hidden." He is a poet who, in addition to being a master of Persian literature, is also a master of Arabic literature. Sa’di's knowledge of Arabic and his presence in scientific and literary circles of Nezamiyeh in Baghdad, Iraq, has convinced some people to regard Sa’di's poetry, especially his didactic poetry, as influenced by Arabic literature and its great poets because of the similarities it has with Arabic literature.This research compares the poetry of these two great poets and the similarities that existed in this important aspect of their poetry through studying their ghazals. The hypothesis of the research is based on the archetypal property of love and its innateness as well as Sa’di’s high poetic talent and his ambitious imagination while benefiting from Arabic literature. Authors believe that although Sa’di is completely familiar with Arabic literature and there are many conceptual similarities about love in the poems of these two poets, these similarities are not confirmation of the influence of Abu Nuwas on Sa’di. Actually, it is better to say that these similarities are the result of telepathy rather than influence.Therefore, the present research conducts a qualitative content analysis of the ghazals of these two poets from the perspective of the American school of comparative literature. The necessity and importance of this research is due to the fact that studying ancient literature with its unique eloquence and relation between past with the present is one of the necessities in literary research. It is especially important that this relationship is based on the assessment of national literature with one of the richest periods of Arabic literature, in order to better show the poetic art of Sa’di and his skill to Persian-speaking readers. Comparative literature can provide a better understanding of national literature by welcoming the conflicts of opinions and thoughts, while emphasizing the preservation of native identities and respecting national literature and culture.

The Analysis of the Love Relationship of Khosrow and Shirin in Nezami’s Work from the Perspective of Schopenhauer’s Philosophical Idea of “Will to Live”

Hirod Soltanian; Saeed Hesampour

Volume 16, Issue 4 , March 2025, , Pages 81-104

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2024.48892.4478

Abstract

Romantic narratives constitute an important part for the history of human culture. Nezami’s world-famous work, Khosrow and Shirin has some hidden characteristics, such as the ... Read More Romantic narratives constitute an important part for the history of human culture. Nezami’s world-famous work, Khosrow and Shirin has some hidden characteristics, such as the purpose of love between Khosrow and Shirin, which could be revealed by the help of interdisciplinary approaches. The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer believes the main goal of romantic relationships to be reproduction with the mutual motive of procreation. In his view, the selection of the mate is based on external beauty and with the aim of compensating biological imbalances. Without having intercourse and producing children, the lovers eventually tire of each other. It is the principle of “will to live” that makes both parties blindly fall in love. Our research extracts eight major components about the purpose of romantic relationship from Schopenhauer’s book, The World as Will and Representation, and evaluates the stages of Khosrow and Shirin’s romantic relationship according to them. This analysis shows that in their relationship, none of the factors such as distance and loneliness, not establishing a marital relationship for a long time, the presence of competing narrative elements such as Khosrow’s loveless marriage with Maryam and having a child from her, and introducing Farhad –Khosrow's love rival– could result in a permanent reduction of attraction between the two lovers. Even after marriage, they remain in love until death. In this narrative, Shirin contradicts Schopenhauer’s views more than Khosrow. Our analysis reveals that by an idealist view of romantic relationship, Nezami first builds a lyrical theme but with a spiritual infrastructure; and then, contrary to Schopenhauer’s opinions at the beginning of the narrative, he leans towards spiritual love, moving away from Schopenhauer. Eventually, Nezami’s narrative stands in opposition to Schopenhauer’s point of view by honouring Shirin’s spiritual position to the highest levels and highlighting Shirin’s persistence on chastity in accordance with the common religious practice.

Function of Love and War in Fayez Dashti's Couplets based on Lakoff and Johnson's Conceptual Metaphor Theory

Ehsan Ziarati; Faramarz Khojasteh; Javad Dehghanian; Mohammad amin Sorahi

Volume 16, Issue 2 , September 2024, , Pages 61-86

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2024.48587.4466

Abstract

The concept of war and its related interpretations is a significant aspect of the lyrical genre of romantic poetry. The concept of cuteness and showmanship in romantic relationships ... Read More

Come, for if it is a war, I have thrown my shield (A statistical and analytical study of war and epic words in Saadi's sonnets)

Zahra Ansari; Asadollah Nowruzi; Maryam Gharehkhanian

Volume 13, Issue 3 , November 2021, , Pages 27-52

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2020.36516.3694

Abstract

Zahra Ansari, Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Hormozgan University (Email: Ansari.zahra@yahoo.com) Asadollah Nowrozi, Assistant Professor ... Read More Zahra Ansari, Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Hormozgan University (Email: Ansari.zahra@yahoo.com) Asadollah Nowrozi, Assistant Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Hormozgan University Maryam Qara Khanian Master of Persian Language and Literature Introduction One of the salient features of Saadi's lyric poems is the abundance of words, compositions and images that describe violence and the battlefield. These words are usually used when portraying a lover or expressing a love state. Considerable use of words related to the battlefield and describing a violent, bloodthirsty, archer and warrior lover is an undeniable characteristic of Saadi's lyric poems and more or less classical Persian love poems as a whole. The abundance of such words and combinations related to war, including battlefield tools, description of the battlefield and poetic images and descriptions of such words and combinations in Saadi's love sonnets, deserves to be studied, pondered and analyzed from the viewpoint of various approaches. In the present paper, in an attempt to find the motives behind this, various fields of humanities including history, mythology and psychology have been used and the reasons suggested by the authors have been presented based on poetic evidence and the findings of other researchers of the field. 3) Methodology, Objective and Background The present study is a qualitative library research. The researchers first extracted the data from the text of Saadi's lyric poems and then analyzed them using other sources. The purpose of this study is to determine the number of words, interpretations and images related to the battle in Saadi's lyric poems and determining what could be the reason for the frequent use of such words and interpretations and images. To date, no similar research has been conducted on the reasons for the abundance of war words in the structure of Saadi's love lyric. The closest research to the present paper is the paper of Dr. Hassan Zolfaghari entitled "Warrior Lovers in Love Poems and Folk Myths", which appeared in the bi-quarterly journal of "Persian Language and Literature." Excerpts from the book "History of the Body in Literature" authored by Seyyed Mehdi Zarghani et al. (2016) can further be considered close to the subject of the present study; However, in neither of these two researches, Saadi's lyric poems are not the main subject discussed. In the section on mythological backgrounds of this research, the paper "A hypothesis on the similarities between Anahita and the beloved of Iranian poets" written by Dr. Alireza Mozaffari, which appeared in the "Journal of the Faculty of Literature and Humanities of Mashhad" in 1995, is preferable; However, again in this paper, Saadi's lyric poems are not the main subject of the research. 4) Discussion Statistical scanning of this study indicates that in 637 of Saadi's sonnets, all words and combinations related to war number 1014 cases, of which the most repeated is the source verb of "killing/murder", which along with its grammatical derivatives and synonyms is used 152 times as a whole; Images such as "killed by the sword", "killed by crossing", "killed by an arrow", "killed by a razor", and "coming to kill" are also included in the statistical data of this group. The next most frequent word is "blood" and its derivatives and illustrative compounds, which with 3 repetitions, is the most frequent word in Saadi's sonnets. The word "enemy" and its compounds, with 125 repetitions, has the third place, and the word "arrow" and its compounds, in addition to "lasso" and its compounds with 88 repetitions, occupy the fourth place. "Sword" and its compounds with 58, "Blade" and its compounds with 57, "bow" and its compounds with 49, "captive" and its compounds with 43, "shield" and its compounds with 38, "looting" and its compounds with 37, "injury" and its compounds with 32, "war" and its compounds with 31, "army and its compounds with 18, "chain" with 12, "arrow" and its compounds with 11, "navak" (a kind of arrow) and its compounds with 9, "khadang" (a kind of arrow) with 7, "armor" and its compounds with 6, “joshan" (a kind of armor) with 5, "peeling" with 3, "weapon" and its compounds with 3, "dagger" with 2 "spear", "caparison" and "catapult" with 1 appearances are found in Saadi's lyric poems. To find the original motives behind the abundance of words and images related to war in Saadi's sonnets, the following items were examined: 1- Mythical backgrounds (the continuation of the old model of the goddess of love and war in poetry); 2- Manifestation of the political situation during the poet's life and his poetry, including the Mongol invasion and the Crusades; 3- The prevalence of pederasty in Saadi's time and the entry of the element of Turkish slaves into the social and literary contexts; 4-Association of meanings and symmetry, especially the two principles of "proximity" and "contradiction". The proximity of "sword", "razor", "arrow", "bow" and "shield" and the contradiction of "peace" with "war", "friend" and "enemy" are among the most frequent patterns of association of meanings in Saadi's sonnets. 5) Conclusion In all Saadi's 637 sonnets, 1014 types of words and combinations related to the battlefield have been detected. Among these words, the source verb "killing" and its compounds have the most repetition. After that, comes “blood" and its derivatives. The words "enemy", "arrow", "bow", "sword", "razor", "arch", "captive", "shield", "plunder", "wound", "war", "army " ,"Chain ", "arrow ", "navak"," khadang","armor","joshan","Peeling"," Weapon", "Dagger", "spear", "caparison" "catapult" come in the next places. The main subject of this research is to investigate the reasons for the frequent presence of war words and images in Saadi's sonnet. In general, the reasons for the abundance of words related to war in Saadi's lyric poems can be presented as follows: A factor that has provided the ground for this fact is the existence of the goddesses of "love" and "war" in the myths of Mesopotamia, Iran, Greece and Rome, many years before the beginning of history. Furthermore, the pattern of the "warrior lover" is linked to the theme of pederasty and the presence of Turkish slaves in the cultural sphere and poetic atmosphere of Iran, especially in the centuries before Saadi and his contemporaries. Also, the political situation of the poet's time, and in particular the devastating attacks of the Mongols, has made the mental and poetic atmosphere of the country warlike. Finally, the two principles of "proximity" and "contradiction" in the association of meanings are also the reasons for the frequent presence of war words in Saadi's love sonnets. 7) References (books) 1- Iqbal Ashtiani, Abbas, (2000), History of the Mongols, seventh edition, Tehran: Amirkabir Press. 2- Eliyadeh, Mircha, (2014), Shamanism: Ancient Techniques of Ecstasy, translated by Mohammad Kazem Mohajeri, third edition, Qom: Religions Press. 3- Anwari, Ali Ibn Mohammad, (1994), Divan (two volumes), fourth edition, by Mohaddaghi Modarres Razavi, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Press. 4- Bahar, Mehrdad, (2003), a Research in Iranian Mythology, Fourth Edition, Tehran: Agah Press. 5- Pournamdarian, Taghi, (2006) Lost by the Sea, Second Edition, Tehran: Sokhan Press. 6- Khan Mir, Ghias al-Din, (Bi Ta), History of Habibalsir, Tehran: Khayyam Press. 7- Dehkhoda, Aliakbar, (1995), Dictionary, Tehran: University of Tehran Press. 8- Zarghani, Seyed Mehdi et al., (2019) History of the body in literature, first edition, Tehran: Sokhan Press. 9- Saunders, JJ, (1985) History of Mongol Conquests, translated by Abolghasem Halat, second edition, Tehran: Amirkabir Press. 11- Saadi, Mosleh Al-Din, (1998) Divan Ghazaliyat, by Dr. Khalil Khatib Rahbar, 10th edition, Tehran: Mahtab Press. 11- Political, Alia Akbar, (1978) Psychology in terms of education, eighth edition, Tehran: Dehkhoda Bookstore and Ghatre Press. 12- Shafiee Kadkani, Mohammad Reza, (2002) Poetry Music, Seventh Edition, Tehran: Agah Press. 13- Shamisa, Sirus, (2002) Pederasty in Persian literature, first edition, Tehran: Ferdows Press. 14-................., (2005), 14 types of literature, third edition, Tehran: Ferdows Press. 15- Safa, Zabihaullah, (1999) History of Literature in Iran and in the Realm of Persian Language, Twelfth Edition, Tehran: Ferdows Press. 16- Zahir Faryabi, Taher Ibn Mohammad, (2010) Divan, corrected by Akbar Behdarvand, first edition, Tehran: Negah Press. 17-Fraser, James George, (2004), Golden Branch, translated by Kazem Firoozmand, first edition, Tehran: Agah Press. 18- Guiri, Susan,(2007), Anahita in Persian Myths, First Edition, Tehran: Phoenix Press. 19- McCall, Henrita,(2000),Mesopotamian Myths, First Edition, translated by Abbas Mokhber, Tehran: Markaz Press. 20- Motamen, Zeinal Abedin, (1994), the Evolution of Persian Poetry, Fourth Edition, Tehran: Tahoori Pess. 21- Homayi, Jalaluddin, (2013) Rhetoric Techniques and Literary Crafts, Print, 31 Tehran: Homay Press. Papers: 1- Aidenloo, Sajjad. (2009)."Lady Hero". Journal of Iranian Studies, No. 13, pp. 11-24 2- Kharazmi, Hamid Reza. (2016). The relationship between symmetry and association of meanings and their evolution,Quarterly Journal of Literary and Rhetorical Research, Fourth Year, Issue 13, pp. 57-75 3- Zulfiqari, Hassan. (2015)."Warrior Lovers in Love Poems and Folk Tales." Bi-Quarterly Journal of Persian Language and Literature, Year 22, Number 77, Autumn and Winter, pp.91-114 4- Shamisa, Sirus. (2014).the reason for Saadi's silence. The 16th Saadi Studies book, by Kourosh Kamali Sarvestani. 5- Sarfi, Mohammad Reza and Jafar Eshghi. (2009)."Positive manifestations of anima in Persian literature". Journal of Literary Criticism, No. 3. Pp. 59-88 6- Muzaffari, Alireza. (2002). "Hypotheses on the similarities between Anahita and the beloved of Iranian poets". Journal of Mashhad Faculty of Literature and Humanities, No. 1 and 2, Year 35, pp. 1-4

A Survey on different meanings of the pronouns 'I' and 'We' in Hafez's Divan

rooyintan farahmand

Volume 12, Issue 3 , November 2020, , Pages 187-216

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2019.33593.3390

Abstract

Abstract Hafez has an exceptional ability in choosing the best words to convey meanings. The significant frequency of the pronouns "I" and "we", with various meanings and ... Read More

The studying of the contrast of love and death in the poetry of Forough Farrukhzad

Volume 9, Issue 2 , September 2017, , Pages 1-24

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2017.3970

Abstract

To appreciate and understand poems, it is necessary to know the structure of poetry. An analysis of a poem depends upon the binary oppositions which constitute its structure. Exploring ... Read More

individual flourish of beloved in saebs lyric

Volume 8, Issue 3 , July 2016, , Pages 1-20

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2016.3613

Abstract

Love, as the definitive theme of lyric poetry, has been embedded in, and encriched, the Persian sonnet in worldly and spiritual manifestations. The expression of love, be it the mundane ... Read More

meaning of time in shamlu and adonis`s poems

Volume 6, Issue 1 , June 2014, , Pages 71-92

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2014.1629

Abstract

Man experiences time in two ways: first, the external, unstable, and transitory time which is eventually presented in the form of death; second, the internal time that by poetic imagination ... Read More

The Relationship between God’s Manifestation, Affection and Recognition (Based on Mirsad al-ibad by Nadjm-I Razi)

Volume 2, Issue 4 , January 2010, , Pages 1-27

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2012.296

Abstract

Emami * M. Golamrezaee** Shahid Chamran University Shahid Beheshti University Mohagheghi*** Shahid Chamran. University Man, ... Read More

The Ascension of Essence to the East of Being in Intuitionist Insight and Mystic Viewpoint

Volume 2, Issue 3 , January 0, , Pages 1-25

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2012.305

Abstract

According to the mystic viewpoint and the intuitionist insight, human essence, which is a bright essence, after descending from holiness world and captivity in the ... Read More

Volume 17 (2025)

Volume 16 (2024)

Volume 15 (2023)

Volume 14 (2022)

Volume 13 (2021)

Volume 12 (2020)

Volume 11 (2019)

Volume 10 (2018)

Volume 9 (2017)

Volume 8 (2016)

Volume 7 (2015)

Volume 6 (2014)

Volume 5 (2013)

Volume 4 (2012)

Volume 3 (2011)

Volume 2 (2010)

Volume 1 (2009)

Keywords = Love

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