heshmatallah ansary; maryam jafari; gholamabbas zakeri
Abstract
The aim of this study is to identify the functions of satire and the different reasons and motives for using it in the poetry of Khaqani and Mujir al-Din Baylaqani, as well as to analyze ...
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The aim of this study is to identify the functions of satire and the different reasons and motives for using it in the poetry of Khaqani and Mujir al-Din Baylaqani, as well as to analyze the artistic, rhetorical and literary techniques used in their satiric works. Satire as a subgenre of lyrical poetry has existed in Iranian literature from ancient times and many poets have experienced with writing it. This literary genre has special characteristics. Knowing these characteristics helps us in better understanding the structure and the literary value of the work. Satire exists in the literature of all countries to some extent and is always a controversial issue; however, in the literature of some nations, as a result of the dominance of ethical criticism in the society, satire has not received due attention. Nevertheless, the study of its reasons and factors can be significant from psychological and sociological perspectives (Parsa, 2012).Reciprocating satire is one of the characteristics of the poetry of the 6th century (AH) in Iran. in other words, in the satiric works of this period, the individual who is being satirized can be identified, for example, in the reciprocating satires of Abol-Alaye Ganjavi and Khaqani, or the reciprocating satires of Khaqani and Rashid al-Din Vatvat, or more importantly, the reciprocating satires of Khaqani and Mujir al-Din Baylaqani (Mirsadeqi, 1994: 303).Mujir al-Din Baylaqani was a student of Khaqani who disrespected his teacher; much like Khaqani himself who did not show a respectful attitude toward his teacher, Abol-Ala. Mujir has written satires about Khaqani in the form of odes and quatrains to answer some of the reproaches of his teacher.
