Journal of Poetry Studies (boostan Adab)

Reflection of the Six Components of Virtue of Martin Seligman's Well-Being Theory in the Ghazal of "Āli Shirazi"

Majid Lashkari; Mohammad Amir Mashhadi; Sakineh Abbasi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 18 February 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.53390.4653

Abstract

Psychology, based on the perspectives and methods developed over time, has primarily focused on treating the human psyche, concentrating on the diagnosis and remediation of mental disorders, ... Read More Psychology, based on the perspectives and methods developed over time, has primarily focused on treating the human psyche, concentrating on the diagnosis and remediation of mental disorders, abnormalities, and psychological dysfunctions. Among these approaches, some have addressed the pre-pathological stage, adopting a preventive perspective that seeks to forestall the emergence of psychological maladjustments. One of the most notable contemporary approaches in this regard is Positive Psychology, which emphasizes the study and cultivation of positive emotions, character strengths, and virtues. While it is difficult to attribute the origin of this approach to a single founder due to its development among various psychologists, today it is largely associated with Martin Seligman (b. 1942). This approach, one of the most recent in the field of psychology, specifically targets elements that foster a positive and flourishing mindset. In his well-being theory, Seligman identifies six core virtues—transcendence, humanity, justice, courage, temperance, and wisdom—each accompanied by corresponding subcomponents.This study examines and maps the six virtues of Seligman’s well-being theory onto the ghazals of Āli Shirāzi (1048–1121 AH), a talented yet relatively understudied poet of the Indian Style (Sabk-e Hendi). Through this comparative analysis, the research identifies manifestations of each of the six positive-psychological virtues in Shirāzi’s ghazals, which include: appreciation of beauty and aspiration for virtue, gratitude, optimistic foresight, faith and purposeful living, generosity, humor, enthusiasm, altruism, love, tolerance, diligence and effort, patience, honesty, self-control, humility, cautious future-orientation, critical thinking, creativity, and emotional intelligence. Āli Shirāzi, with a positive and attentive perception of his surroundings, successfully integrates dual dimensions of the abstract and intuitive worlds within a shared spiritual context. This study further explores the concrete elements through which he artistically expresses these positive-psychological components and examines the mechanisms by which these elements are interwoven in his poetic creation.

From the "Valid Observer" to the "Anti-Observer": A Theoretical Model for Elucidating the Process of Individuation in Rumi’s Mysticism

Moein Kazemifar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 17 March 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.54783.4704

Abstract

Aiming to elucidate the mechanism of "subject coherence" amidst the crushing pressure of "social judgment," this research seeks to propose a theoretical framework for analyzing the ... Read More

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The Essence Exir (A Analysis of the Minimalist Effects in the Poetry of Akbar Exir)

Ahmad Mohammadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 April 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.55490.4728

Abstract

(Faranoo) is a branch of contemporary Persian poetry that was invented by him along with several other poets. Farano poetry emphasizes the use of simple words, brevity, and the use ... Read More

Analysis of the Function of Prosodic Compositions and Terminology of Meter in Persian Poetry

Manoochehr Tashakori; Mokhtar Ebrahimi; Payam Nikbayan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.54928.4714

Abstract

Before the development of scientific prosody (ʿarūż), teaching the metrical system of classical Persian poetry was considered one of the most challenging areas in Persian literature. ... Read More Before the development of scientific prosody (ʿarūż), teaching the metrical system of classical Persian poetry was considered one of the most challenging areas in Persian literature. Prosodists consistently attempted to resolve this challenge by inventing new instructional methods. According to the literary tradition, one of the most effective strategies for simplifying the teaching of prosody was the use of verse itself. Keeping this in mind, the authors of the present study examined various poetic collections, extracted relevant examples, and analyzed the function of prosodic compositions as well as the use of metrical terms and vocabulary. Through this process, they identified two distinct approaches taken by poets toward prosody and Persian poetry:Using poetry as a tool to facilitate the teaching of prosody, and Employing metrical terminology within poetry to create artistic and aesthetic effects on the reader.in the first approach, poets attempted to present prosodic concepts in metrical and rhymed form to improve instruction—works of this type are often labeled as “metrical prosody” (ʿarūż-e manẓūm) in manuscript sources. However, many of these works are considered tedious to read, and their authors have been criticized for prioritizing instruction over poetic beauty. As a response to this criticism, some poets incorporated rhetorical and prosodic devices into their poems, laying the foundation for what later became known as artificial poetry (shiʿr-e maṣnūʿ). Thus, “metrical prosody texts” and “artificial odes” constitute two major categories of poetic works that employ prosodic material—both of which are examined and evaluated in this research.In the second part of the article, the aesthetic use of prosodic terminology in poetry is analyzed. Various examples from Persian poetry are compared with similar cases in Arabic poetry, and the poets’ purposes in using metrical terminology are categorized and presented in statistical tables

Reflection of Ugliness in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh Based on Umberto Eco's Perspective

Elham Choobineh; Seyed Shahrokh Mousavian; mohammadhossein nikdarasl

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 10 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.54835.4709

Abstract

As the most fundamental epic text in Persian language, Shahnameh presents a multi-layered picture of ugly concepts. Concepts that in addition to the physical dimension, are also manifested ... Read More As the most fundamental epic text in Persian language, Shahnameh presents a multi-layered picture of ugly concepts. Concepts that in addition to the physical dimension, are also manifested within the characters. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, examines the reflection of ugliness in Shahnameh and uses Umberto Eco's perspective in his book "The History of Ugliness" and attempts to provide a deep understanding of aesthetic function of ugliness in Shahnameh. In his book "The History of Ugliness", Eco has examined the manifestations of ugliness in Western civilization from a historical and cultural perspective, showing that in Western history, ugliness has often been associated with the interior of the person. Also, Ferdowsi presented external and internal ugliness in Shahnameh within the framework of Iranian ethics, epic and worldview. This article attempts to show the commonalities between these two approaches to the concept of ugliness. The results showed that like the Western tradition, Ferdowsi considered deeper moral and social layers beyond appearance in his depiction of ugliness. Characters such as Zahhak and Demons are clear examples of facial ugliness and inner corruption. There are exceptions that make the reader reflect on the complex relationship between appearance and interior; for example, Sudabeh with her beautiful exterior, has an ugly interior, and Zal with his unnatural exterior, has a beautiful interior. Eco also exemplifies Helen's external beauty with an ugly interior. Iran's enemies are also seen as "others" in an identity and cultural demarcation, a manifestation of ugliness. In addition to external ugliness, the Shahnameh also features many internal uglinesses; uglinesses that are not visible on the person's appearance but have contaminated the person's interior and led to ugly behaviors; such as the ugliness resulting from the love of power in Goshtasb or the ugliness resulting from foolishness in Keykavus, etc.

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From Blood to Ashes: The Trajectory of Plant Motifs in the Garshāspnāme, the Ghazals of Amir Khosrow Dehlavi and Hasht Ketab

Fereshte Sadeghi; Abdollah hasanzade mirali

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 15 June 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.54796.4705

Abstract

abstractThis comparative study examines the evolution of plant imagery in three seminal works of Persian literature from different eras: Asadi Tusi's Garshāsbnāmeh (5th century AH), ... Read More abstractThis comparative study examines the evolution of plant imagery in three seminal works of Persian literature from different eras: Asadi Tusi's Garshāsbnāmeh (5th century AH), Amir Khusrow Dehlavi's Ghazals (8th century AH), and Sohrab Sepehri's Hasht Ketāb (Contemporary). The primary objective is to analyze the transformation of plants' symbolic functions from mythological and philosophical perspectives. Employing a descriptive-analytical method and drawing on theoretical frameworks such as metamorphosis, identification, animism, and plant sanctity, five principal manifestations were identified: 1.Metamorphosis (human-to-plant/plant-to-human transformation): Manifested in Garshāspnāmeh through mythological archetypes (e.g., plants sprouting from human blood/tears, Keyumars); transformed into a literary device expressing romantic emotions in Amir Khusrow; and reimagined with philosophical concepts (ashes, unity of being) in Sepehri. 2.Identification: Simple and objective in the Khorasani style; intricately linked with novel literary imagery in Amir Khusrow's ghazals; and elevated to an ecocentric, mystical experience in Sepehri. 3.Animism (attributing intelligence/sentience to plants): Prominent in Amir Khusrow and Sepehri, leading to the perception of plants as autonomous beings in contemporary poetry. 4.Plant Sanctity: Ritualistic in Garshāsbnāmeh and ontological in Sepehri. 5.Other Functions: Including sustenance and clothing in Asadi's work; literary devices in Amir Khusrow; and the expression of abstract concepts (hope, salvation) in Sepehri. The findings reveal that plant symbols have evolved: from ritual-mythological functions in epic literature, to romantic metaphors in classical ghazals, and ultimately to philosophical-ecological experiences in contemporary poetry. This study attests to the dynamism of the Persian literary tradition in reimagining ancient archetypes and its semantic shifts over time.

An Investigation into a Word in Asadi Tousi’s Garshasbnamah: Shekavand: a proper noun or: a word meaning “valley”

ali afrakhteh; Yusef Nikrouz; Ali Asqar Qafouri; Alireza Shanazari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 11 July 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.55417.4725

Abstract

Beyond his prominent standing in poetry, Asadi Tusi is a major figure in Persian lexicography and word-formation, and his Garshāsp-nāma constitutes a rich corpus of archaic, obsolete, ... Read More

Some Semantic Problems in Foruzanfar’s Farhang-e Navader-e Loghat of the Diwan-e Kabir

Saeid Pourazimi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 September 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.54937.4715

Abstract

At the end of the seventh volume of his edition of the Diwan-e Kabir, Badiʿ al-Zaman Foruzanfar compiled a comprehensive lexicon entitled Farhang-e Navader-e Loghat va Taʿbirat va ... Read More

Reflection on the Rhetorical Techniques of Opening in Saadi’s Bustan Based on the Concept of Artistic Purpose

Mohammad Hossein Tofighzadeh; Mohammadreza Amini

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 July 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.54233.4686

Abstract

Saadi’s Bustan stands as a remarkable example of Persian poetic rhetoric. Particularly in the openings of his didactic tales, Saadi displays his artistic ingenuity in employing ... Read More

Recognizing the concepts of accounting and auditing in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh

ayoob omidi; ALI Sayadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 October 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.54947.4716

Abstract

Financial and auditing rules have been among the criteria for measuring fairness in the administration of the country. Recognizing the knowledge of the past in this field and combining ... Read More Financial and auditing rules have been among the criteria for measuring fairness in the administration of the country. Recognizing the knowledge of the past in this field and combining it with accounting rules and corresponding laws in the modern era can be very useful in re-examining the knowledge of predecessors. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, attempts to examine accounting and auditing concepts in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. The results of the research show that the instances of accounting and auditing in Shahnameh have a great conceptual harmony and commonality with the modern concepts of this science, despite the changes in titles and terms, and it can be said that some of the laws that have been established today in accounting have also existed in the past. In addition, accounting and auditing concepts have a more prominent reflection in the historical period of Shahnameh, and the instances of tribute and tax in Shahnameh are also more prominent than other cases, which indicates the importance of taxation in the development, administration of the country's affairs, payment of salaries, and preservation of national security. In the era of Bahram Sasanian and Anushirvan, respectively, accounting and auditing issues have greater prominence, and in this period, auditing affairs find more organizational and administrative unity and coherence. The concepts of this science in Shahnameh have been examined and analyzed in fourteen titles, including: income and expenses, profit and capital, buying and selling, devaluation of national currency, tribute and tax (taxes), tax evasion, tax reduction, tax increase, tax exemptions, financial assistance to the weaker sections of society and bankrupt individuals, compensation for damage to agricultural products during natural disasters and famine relief, government borrowing from merchants, and copying and maintaining financial documents and dispatching tax inspectors.

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The mechanism of text worlds in the poem collection of "al-Tahavollat and Al-hejrat fi Aqalim al -Nahr and Al-lail" Adonis and "Eight Books" by Sohrab Sepehri on the basis of Paul Werth's cognitive theory

ali khaleghi; Pouran Rezaei Choshali

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 August 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.54130.4680

Abstract

The theory of text worlds is the model of human language processing and does not only exist the whole text, but also examines the textures around the production and the interpretation ... Read More

A Reanalysis and New Interpretation of a Verse from Khosrow and Shirin by Nizami Ganjavi

Reza Refaee Ghadimi Mashhad

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 31 August 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.55813.4741

Abstract

Khosrow and Shirin, as one of the masterpieces of Nizami Ganjavi, is distinguished both for its refined poetic language and for its rich imagery; for this reason, it has repeatedly ... Read More

Examining Parvin Etisami's educational method based on Albert Bandura's socio-cognitive learning theory

zeynab barzegarmaher; Khodabakhsh Asadollahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 September 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.54200.4684

Abstract

This study uses a qualitative approach and deductive content analysis to examine the behavioral elements in Parvin E’tesami’s allegorical poems through the lens of Albert ... Read More

Death as the Abject Object: A Reading of Fereydoon Moshiri’s Poetry through the Lens of Julia Kristeva’s Theory

Hossein Joudavi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 October 2026

https://doi.org/10.22099/jba.2026.53480.4655

Abstract

This study analyzes the representation of death in the poetry of Fereydoon Moshiri, focusing on Julia Kristeva’s theory of “abjection.” The primary aim is to uncover ... Read More

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Volume & Issue: Articles in Press

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